EXPANSION OF PORT OPERATORS INTO LOGISTICS BUSINESSES
To help improve service quality control at ports, global port operators also entered the land logistics business and this is an ongoing trend, and includes DP World, Hutchison Ports, PSA and Evergreen. DP World owns trucking businesses and distribution centers around the world to support its port business. Hutchison Ports provides freight forwarding, warehousing, project logistics, and intermodal management services. PSA provides an internet of logistics services that can trace the movement of goods in all aspects of the logistics value chain, and provide analytics services for the logistics provided. Evergreen Logistics provides freight forwarding, project logistics, warehousing, and also air logistics services. The trend of global port operators entering into the land logistics business is also driven by various internal and external factors, namely to increase control over the endto-end performance of the logistics value chain, take part in the land logistics market which is a large part of the logistics market, driven by a large investment capacity as the port business is quite profitable.
SUSTAINABILITY EFFORT FROM TERMINAL OPERATORS AND SHIPPING LINES
The increasing sustainability efforts made by port operators and shipping lines are driven by internal and external factors such as increased pressure from their governments, premiums from investors and banks to companies that are more sustainable, and reduced costs from fuel efficiency. Global players include Maersk, CMA CGM, MSC, Cosco Shipping and Wasa Line. Maersk is looking to increase efficiency and reduce carbon use. CMA CGM is replacing carbon fuels into biofuels. MSC is using a blend of 30% biofuels, which results in a 15-20% reduction in CO2 emissions. Cosco Shipping is optimizing port and navigation processes to reduce turnaround time. Wasa Line is using batteries instead of fuel.
SMART PORTS ADOPTION IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
The adoption of smart ports continues to be increasingly popular, especially in developed countries. Examples of digital tools used by smart ports are the use of the internet of things and smart sensors, big data analytics, AI and machine learning, ubiquitous connectivity, augmented reality, autonomous transportation and robotics. One example of a smart port is the Port of Antwerp in Belgium that uses blockchain technology, augmented reality, and sensors to increase security and efficiency. Figure below shows in full the smart ports in several countries as well as the digital tools used in each smart port.
